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After the outbreak of the COVID‐19 pandemic, the media abounded with stories of people ‘fleeing city‐centres' and ‘finding refuge in the countryside'. A recurrent argument is that the shift towards remote work has prompted individuals to reconsider their living situation and envisage the possibility of relocating further away from their workplace. The aim of this study is to examine the patterns of out‐migration from the Stockholm inner city during the COVID‐19 pandemic, as well as the characteristics of out‐migrants. We use Swedish register data to compare the trends for the first year of the COVID‐19 pandemic (2020) and the 5 years preceding it (2015–2019). Our study shows that, similar to other large cities across the world, individuals moved out of the inner city of Stockholm to a higher degree in 2020 than during the years preceding the pandemic. The majority of movers relocated to the Stockholm suburbs, which experienced a substantial increase in inflows from the Stockholm inner city. Yet a number of smaller municipalities, including traditional tourist destinations, also received more residents from the Stockholm inner city in 2020. Although it remains to be seen whether the increase in out‐migration from the Stockholm inner city observed in 2020 will be a long‐term trend, the paper discusses the policy implications of inner city out‐migration, from the perspective of both the sending and the receiving locations.
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PurposeThis study aims to investigate how the COVID-19 pandemic has impacted and changed Airbnb market in the Greater Melbourne area in terms of its temporal and spatial patterns and identify possible shifts in underlying trends in travel activities.Design/methodology/approachA panel data set of Airbnb listings in Melbourne is analysed to compare temporal patterns, spatial distribution and lengths of stay of Airbnb users before and after the COVID outbreak.FindingsThis study found that the COVID disruption did not fundamentally change the temporal cycle of the Airbnb market. Month-to-month fluctuations peaked at different levels from pre-pandemic times mainly because of lockdowns and other restrictive measures. The impact of COVID-19 disruptions on neighbourhood-level Airbnb revenues is associated with distance to CBD rather than number of COVID cases. Inner city suburbs suffered major loss during the pandemic, whereas outer suburbs gained popularity due to increased domestic travel and long stays. Long stays (28 days or more, as defined by Airbnb) were the fastest growing segment during the pandemic, which indicates the Airbnb market was adapting to increasing demand for purposes like remote working or lifestyle change. After easing of COVID-related restrictions, demand for short-term accommodation quickly recovered, but supply has not shown signs of strong recovery. Spatial distribution of post-pandemic supply recovery shows a similar spatial variation. Neighbourhoods in the inner city have not shown signs of significant recovery, whereas those in the middle and outer rings are either slowly recovering or approaching their pre-COVID levels.Practical implicationsThe COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted short-term rental markets and in particular the Airbnb sector during the phase of its rapid development. This paper helps inform in- and post-pandemic housing policy, market opportunity and investment decision.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors' knowledge, this is one of the first attempts to empirically examine both temporal and spatial patterns of the COVID-19 impact on Airbnb market in one of the most severely impacted major cities. It is one of the first attempts to identify shifts in underlying trends in travel based on Airbnb data.
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Purpose>The purpose of this study is to explain the potential long-term impacts of working from home on housing wealth inequality in large cities of advanced economies.Design/methodology/approach>This study is descriptive research and It supports the arguments by providing some emerging evidence from property markets in developed countries.Findings>The authors argue that due to the unique nature of the COVID-19 crisis, it will have a different and long-term impact on housing wealth inequality. Changes in the working arrangements of many professionals will change the housing demand dynamic across different suburbs and may lead to a reduction of the housing wealth gap in the long term. In this paper, the authors propose five mechanisms that may impact housing wealth inequality.Research limitations/implications>Long-term data is required to test the proposed conceptual model in this study and the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on housing wealth across and within suburbs of large cities.Practical implications>Policymakers and regulators may benefit from the discussions and suggestions provided in this study and consider the proposed avenues on how new changes in the working environment (remote working) may result in a reduction of housing wealth inequality.Originality/value>This study presents a new perspective about the potential long-term impacts of working from home that is posed by the COVID-19 pandemic on housing wealth inequality in large cities of developed economies.
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Urban Agriculture (UA) is the widespread practice of food production within available city space using non-commercial, commercial and hybrid production technologies. The economic viability of UA remains a concern among UA practitioners. To investigate UA’s viability;land, labour and distribution cost are analyzed, and margin and benefit–cost ratio (BCR) under vacant lot, rooftop/backyard and discretionary labour UA are calculated. We present a straightforward approach to gauge the economic viability of UA taking examples from 40 distinct locations of two divergent development contexts of Adelaide, South Australia and Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. UA seems potentially viable by selecting high-value crops in Adelaide but showed little chance of viability under low-value crop scenarios in both contexts. The high cost of land is shown to be the primary driver of cost for UA. Labour cost appears to be a critical difference between the two cities, being an important constraint for the economic viability in Adelaide, where the wage rate is high. To improve economic viability, the respective governments and planners should consider better ways to avail subsidised land through policy intervention and volunteer or subsidised labour arrangement mechanisms. Home food gardens accessing available land and labour as a discretionary/spare time activity with zero distribution cost may represent the best way to produce food without exceeding market costs in cities.
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The COVID-19 pandemic has tested the current medical care frameworks round the globe. As it spreads by drop, fomite and contact transmission, up close and personal communication of medical services proficient with the patient conveys a grave danger of its transmission. As dental treatment constantly includes close review, assessment, indicative and restorative mediations of the naso-oro-pharyngeal arena, dental experts are generally among defenseless warriors to get tainted with Covid. Therefore, during the current pandemic, most dental practice being restricted to exception of emergency procedures. Nonetheless, taking a gander at the current expanding pattern of COVID-19 cases, it doesn't create the impression that this pandemic will end at any point in the near future. Truth be told, even the WHO has as oflate expected that this infection may turn out to be simply one more endemic infection in our networks and may never disappear. In the event that these hypotheses are valid and COVID-19 undoubtedly becomes endemic, dental practice should rearrange and enhance to proceed with dental consideration with negligible danger of cross-disease. We live in the age of instant technology. You have a computer in your pocket, a fitness tracker on your wrist, and a smart speaker in your living room that can order you a chocolate bar simply by asking. There are severalcategories of medicine that are now migrating online to help individuals who are nervous about going to the doctor or simply lack mobility to do so. Teledentistry can give a creative answer for future to dental field during the current pandemic, just as past.
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Objective: Nonpregnant individuals with diabetes mellitus (DM) or hypertension (HTN) experience greater complications of COVID-infection. Gestational DM (GDM) and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) confer increased maternal and fetal morbidity;but whether the association of DM and HTN with COVID-illness in the non-pregnant state also exists in pregnancy is unclear. Therefore, we investigated associations between COVID-and GDM and HDP in a large urban inner-city population. Study Design: We performed a case control study among women with and without COVID-infection;controls were matched for gestational age and time of COVID-test between 3/2020 and 10/2020. Maternal demographic and clinical data including COVID-infection status were ed. Chi-square, logistic and linear regression were used for analysis. Results: A total of 87 women with and 9women without COVID-infection were included in the study. There was no significant association between COVID-infection and GDM (10.3% COVID positive, 9.9% COVID negative, p=0.89) . Similarly, there was no association between COVID-infection and HDP (37.9% COVID positive, 37.3% COVID negative, p=0.911) . Despite no associations between COVID-infection and GDM or HDP, subjects with COVID-infection were more likely to be obese based on pre-pregnancy BMI (p = 0.047) . Conclusions: Unlike in the non-pregnant state, COVID-infection was not significantly associated with GDM or HDP in our diverse, urban inner-city population. Our data suggest that beyond gestational metabolic dysregulation, maternal obesity alone may increase a woman's vulnerability to COVID-infection in pregnancy. Given that the COVID-pandemic is still rampant, and that obesity affects one third of reproductive age women, future studies are essential to elucidate the mechanisms underlying this association.
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African American Muslim leaders in West Detroit are working in concert with local mosques and Muslim-led institutions to address the socioeconomic problems faced by low-income Detroit residents in their areas. Their modes of philanthropy reflect national trends, as Black Muslim institutions historically have demonstrated high levels of neighborhood stewardship. This ethnographic study discusses how leaders affiliated with three West Detroit mosques and associated institutions propagate this tradition of localized care. These mosques and institutions are situated in contiguous neighborhoods, comprising an area that is lacking sufficient access to capital investment and state services. The philanthropy of these Detroit-based African American Muslims is taking on a growing urgency with the progress of Detroit’s neoliberal development plans, which further marginalize low-income neighborhoods. The community-building efforts of African American Muslims offer a counter-balance to forces that are further stratifying Detroit and represent a source of hope for racial justice in the city.
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The COVID-19 lockdown in 2020–2021 and the refugee crisis in 2021–2022 were two new and unexpected social and political events in Poland in recent years. These “wildcards” will certainly have major effects on individuals and cities, both directly and indirectly, through the influence of “externalities.” The paper examines trends in the spatial development of Polish cities during the last five years (2016–2021), focusing on residential suburbanization and urban sprawl. The study aims to reveal the elements that determine the spatial scale of suburbanization, as well as “wildcards” that may have an indirect impact on the process but are difficult to quantify and include in spatial analysis. The use of location quotient (LQ) metrics, as well as a subset of the Global Human Settlement Layer in the spatial analysis allow for comparisons of locations with intensified urbanization throughout different periods, serving a task that is comparable to feature standardization from a time and space viewpoint. The analysis provides evidence of growing suburbanization surrounding major Polish cities from 2016 to 2021, while also exposing distinct elements of spatial development during a period that was marked by social and political stress (2021).
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ZusammenfassungDie Auswirkungen der Pandemie sind in allen Wirtschaftsbereichen spürbar. Ein Bereich, der am stärksten durch Schließungen, Einschränkungen und ein verändertes Verbraucher:innenverhalten betroffen war und bleibt, ist der innerstädtische Einzelhandel. Tatsächlich wird an der Passantenfrequenz in ausgewählten Städten der zum Teil dramatische Rückgang an potenziellen Kund:innen deutlich. In den statistischen Umsatzzahlen zum gesamten Einzelhandel wird dies nicht adäquat abgebildet. Eine nähere Betrachtung innerstädtischer Einzelhandelsbereiche offenbart, dass trotz erhöhter Nutzung von E-Commerce-Kanälen der Umsatz noch unter dem Vor-Corona-Niveau liegt. Zudem profitieren einzelne Bereiche stark, während andere dramatisch eingebüßt haben. Durch somit ausgelöste Geschäftsaufgaben kann jedoch die Attraktivität der Innenstadt als Ganzes sinken, weshalb auch Bereiche, welche die Krise bisher meistern konnten, am Ende mit sinkenden Umsätzen konfrontiert sein könnten.Alternate :The coronavirus pandemic affects all sectors of the economy. The sector hardest hit by closures, restrictions and a changing consumer behavior is the inner-city retail. In fact, the frequency of passers-by and, therefore, potential customers in selected cities declined dramatically. The statistical sales figures that also include online retail and food retailers do not adequately represent the negative effects. A closer look at inner-city retail areas reveals that despite increased use of e-commerce channels, sales are still below the pre-corona level. Also, some areas of inner-city retail benefit, while others have lost dramatically. Therefore, triggered business failures can negatively affect the attractiveness of downtown as a whole and correspondingly, the areas that have been able to master the crisis in inner cities will also lose customers and turnover.
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Introduction COVID-19 resulted in significant mortality over the last several months. This survey aims to evaluate demographic differences between those hospitalised patients who died of COVID during the first surge [until 31/08/2020] and those who died during the second [01/09/2020–15/03/2021]. Methods Data was obtained for all patients admitted with COVID during the two pandemic surges at two multi-ethnic,inner-city district general hospitals. Univariate and multivariable analyses [stepwise backward logistic regression] were conducted to evaluate mortality as per patient demographics, length of stay, and whether patients had been managed in critical care. Results 1013 [21.5%] of 4,707 patients died during this period. Mortality was significantly lower during the second wave,compared to first i.e. 18.5% [632/2784]vs29.5% [381/901];39% reduction [P < 0.001]. This reduction was observed across all ages, gender, ethnic subgroups, and both sites. Advancing age was associated with significant mortality at all times with no differences between the two waves. 77% of all deaths occurred in patient>70. There were fewer deaths among those<50 during the second wave compared to first [7vs12]. Reduction in mortality during second wave was noted across all ethnic sub-groups. However,significantly greater reduction was observed in Black African [54.6%],South-Asian [47.3%],Black Caribbean [44.4%],and East-Asian [44.2%] groups, compared to white subgroup [34.2%]. Majority of patients who died were managed on general medical wards during both waves [n = 824,81.3%]. For patients who spent time in critical care, there were no significant differences in mortality [30.6vs33.7%,p = ns]. There were no differences in terms of length of hospital stay between the two waves. Multivariable analyses showed that Black African [OR 0.47,95%CI 0.27–0.82] was independently associated with lesser mortality during second wave. Discussion This large survey has described demographic differences in mortality between the two surges. Lower mortality rates during second wave may be due to better treatment modalities, greater awareness of infection prevention and control,and possibly vaccination. This survey indicates greater psychological support may be required for healthcare workers on general medical wards who looked after greater proportion of COVID deaths.
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According to The Office of Special Education Programs (OSEP), Technical Assistance Center on Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports (2020), Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports (PBIS) is an evidence-based three-tiered framework to improve and integrate all data, systems, and practices affecting student outcomes every day. PBIS creates schools where all students succeed. PBIS may not be as practical to maintain discipline in inner-city elementary schools as educators perceive. This qualitative study sought to understand the consistency of PBIS implemented by administrators and teachers in urban schools from kindergarten through five (K-5). The study's limitations were that the researcher conducted the study at the beginning of the coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak in the United States. Many educators lost employment due to the pandemic of the virus and some had their workload increased by implementing virtual learning led by the instructional technology in the transition from in-class instruction to virtual instruction. The circumstances surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic dramatically impacted the limitation of the research study. The increased workload and loss of employment impacted the study and limited the investigation by having a low turnout with participants as well as the search for participants. The qualitative research findings in this study indicated the direct correlation between the lack of family involvement, support, inconsistencies, and the impact of PBIS in schools. The data suggested that more research needs to be conducted to dive deeper into the specific PBIS strategies and tools which need to be implemented in the funding, demographics of staff and students, and the schools' training program. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)
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This paper aims to describe the design strategy adopted in Rome to support and enhance sustainable mobility. It is a strategy aimed at promoting new green infrastructures for urban accessibility, daily sports practice and social inclusion in a historic city, stratified and not very inclined to change. Therefore, the dissemination of this experience is useful for planning a sustainable future for heritage cities that ensures an appropriate and equitable balance between conservation and development. Sustainable mobility is now considered one of the most important challenges for metropolitan areas and large conurbations. In these terms, Rome is a weak city. The city’s great bicycle ring route (GRAB), an integral part of the Extraordinary Tourism Mobility Plan 2017-22, is a key infrastructure for increasing more sustainable and healthier modes of travel, even on a local scale. The GRAB project, whose complex infrastructure provides multiple services, differs from a simple cycle path network. Its complexity refers to an ability to attract different types of users in different types of urban contexts—historical settings, monuments, newer neighborhoods and areas of contemporary urbanization. The project results can be measured first in relation to its progress (already funded, in the executive planning phase, with the approval of the first construction sites expected by 2022). A second important result is the participation of institutional bodies and citizens’ associations, which will oversee the construction and maintenance work as well as infuse into the project a constant vitality, in a true civic ecology perspective. Third, the results are important for enhancing metropolitan area accessibility and the environmental and social re-activation of the areas crossed, achieved directly and through the project’s realization. The GRAB strategy belongs to the new generation of landscape projects that have radically changed the priorities and hierarchies of intervention in the contexts of contemporary urbanization. These projects are based on the ecological analysis of the context but are located close to the fluctuating dynamics of contemporary metropolises and the problems of exclusion and marginality—both spatial and social—linked to the very rapid ecological, economic and demographic transformations.
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The introduction of lockdown due to a public health emergency in March 2020 marked the beginning of substantial changes to daily life for all families with young children. Here we report the experience of families from London Borough of Tower Hamlets with high rates of poverty and ethnic and linguistic diversity. This inner city community, like communities worldwide, has experienced a reduction or closure in access to education, support services, and in some cases, a change in or loss of income, job, and food security. Using quantitative survey items (N = 992), we examined what differences in family circumstances, for mothers and fathers of young children aged 0-5 living in Tower Hamlets, during March 2020 to November 2020, were associated with their mental health status. We measure parental mental health using symptoms of depression (self-report: Patient Health Questionnaire depression scale: PHQ-8), symptoms of anxiety levels (self-report: General Anxiety Disorder: GAD-7), and perceptions of direct loneliness. We find parental mental health difficulties are associated with low material assets (financial security, food security, and children having access to outside space), familial assets (parents time for themselves and parent status: lone vs. cohabiting), and community assets (receiving support from friends and family outside the household). South Asian parents and fathers across ethnicities were significantly more likely to experience mental health difficulties, once all other predictors were accounted for. These contributing factors should be considered for future pandemics, where restrictions on people's lives are put in place, and speak to the importance of reducing financial insecurity and food insecurity as a means of improving the mental health of parents.
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Children between the ages of five and 17 years old are most likely to experience adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) due to traumas related to COVID-19 exposures, such as the illness itself, compounded by school closures, forced at-home virtual learning, illness or death of a family member or acquaintance, and related financial crises. Children of color living in underserved areas infected with COVID-19 are less likely to present with symptoms such as fever, cough, or shortness of breath;they are tested less frequently and are at greatest risk for asthma, obesity, and diabetes. There are many hurdles facing inner city children, teachers, and parents during this COVID-19 pandemic. ACEs are usually preventable, although COVID-19 has added to the list of psychological issues created by the pandemic. It is essential that our communities create a nourishing, safe, and stable environment for children and families in inner-city neighborhoods to help all children reach their full potential. [ FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Journal of Cultural Diversity is the property of Tucker Publications, Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full . (Copyright applies to all s.)
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There is limited information describing the characteristics and clinical outcomes of patients infected with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) especially those in underserved urban area with minority population in the United States. This is a retrospective single-center study for patients who were admitted with COVID-19 infection. Data collection was from 1 March through 24 April 2020. Demographic, clinical, laboratory, and treatment data were presented using descriptive statistics and frequencies. The χ2 test and multivariate logistic regression were used to determine association of risk factors and clinical outcomes. A total of 242 inpatients were included with a mean age of 66 ± 14.75 (±standard deviation). A total of 50% were female and 70% were African American. Comorbidities included hypertension (74%), diabetes mellitus (49%), and 19% had either COPD or asthma. Older age was associated with higher risk of inpatient death odds ratio (OR): 1.056 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.023-1.090; P = .001). Inpatient mortality occurred in 70% who needed mechanical ventilation (OR: 29.51; 95% CI: 13.28-65.60; P < .0001), 58% who required continuous renal replacement therapy/hemodialysis (CRRT/HD) (OR: 6.63; 95% CI: 2.74-16.05; P < .0001), and 69% who needed vasopressors (OR: 30.64; 95% CI: 13.56-69.20; P < .0001). Amongst biomarkers of disease severity, only baseline CRP levels (145 ± 116 mg/L) were associated with mortality OR: 1.008 (95% CI: 1.003-1.012; P = .002). Majority of hospitalized patients had hypertension and diabetes. Older age was an independent risk factor for inpatient mortality. Requirement of mechanical ventilation, vasopressor use, and CRRT/HD was associated significantly with inpatient mortality. Higher baseline CRP was significantly associated with inpatient death.